Week+5

** 6th October 2011 **
 * Week 5 **

** NEW URBANISM, THE ZERO ENERGY HOUSE AND HOW CARS HAVE CHANGED CITIES **

** 1. ** ** List the 10 principles of new urbanism- cut and paste if you like, but have on hand as part of your notes: ** 1. Walkability 2. Connectivity 3. Mixed use and diversity 4. Mixed housing 5. Quality Architecture and urban design 6. Traditional Neighbourhood structure 7.Increased density 8. Small transportation 9. Sustainability 10. Quality of Life

** 2. ** ** Describe why "The sum of human happiness increases because of New Urbanism" -[|Andres Duany] **

** 3. ** ** List six Geos zero energy strategies for zero-energy housing units. ** 1. Photovaltaic Panels <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2. Ground source Heat Pumps <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3. Geothermal Ventilation <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">4. Superinsulated building envelopes <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">5. Passive solar design <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">6. Solar Thermal Panels

<span style="color: #0078ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** 4. ** <span style="color: #0078ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** Describe how the automobile has transformed the American (and Canadian) city. (2 paragraphs) ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Automobiles pretty much govern residential and work patterns as well as infrastructure and land usage. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">It underlies all our construction and building patterns. It is responsible for urban sprawl, the segregation between work and home spheres as well as the use of fossil fuels and petroleum. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">It discouraged the use of public transport and streetcars, threatens pedestrians and their right to walk to their destinations, as well as the level of air pollution from emissions. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">America and Canada are increasingly being paved and covered in asphalt to make ways for automobiles to travel. This space could have been used as green spaces, aread to congregate (the third place) or boulevards and walkways. Industrialization started the movement towards cars, namely Fordism and the assembly line, which made care manufacturing an easy and profitable job. But it was capitalism and profit motive that lobbied the banning of the fuel-powered car, and the continued production of gas-guzzling automobiles. <span style="color: #0078ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** 5. ** <span style="color: #0078ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** Describe the three- or four-stage transportation chronology for the American city mapped out by historians. ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">a) Walking City <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">Characterized by compact cities and towns, an intermingling of residences and workplaces. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">It contains mixed patterns of land use, and the location of elite residences at the city centers. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">Streets were narrow, meandering and unpaved.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">b) Streetcar City <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">This city felt the impact of industrialization and the influx of European immigrants. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">The separation between work and residence for the middle and upper class was more pronounced. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">The working class, by contrast remained near the core and close to industril workplaces for ease of travel and increased working hours.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">c) Automobile City <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">This city had a weakened core as a magnet for social and cultural life. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">Population was dispersed into the suburbs and the streetcars were being used less and less. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'palatino linotype','book antiqua',palatino,serif; font-size: 90%;">Commuting became a way of life and a necessity as pattern of habitation changed.